Drawing of Footing, Setting Out, Excavation and Simple Machine Foundation
In building construction, proper planning, drawing, and execution of foundation work are essential for ensuring structural stability and durability. In the ITI Draughtsman Civil trade, students must understand the process of drawing footings, setting out buildings on the ground, excavation work, and simple machine foundations. These steps form the base of any construction project.
Drawing of Footing
Footing is the lowest part of the foundation that distributes the load of the structure to the soil. The drawing of footing is an important part of construction planning, as it shows dimensions, depth, reinforcement details, and layout.
Key Elements in Footing Drawing:
- Plan view and sectional view
- Dimensions of footing and column
- Depth below ground level
- Reinforcement details (in RCC footing)
- Spacing and size of steel bars
Accurate footing drawings help in proper construction and load distribution.
Foundation Setting Out of Building on Ground
Setting out is the process of marking the position of the building on the ground according to the plan. It ensures that construction is carried out in the correct location and alignment.
Steps in Setting Out:
- Establishing reference points
- Marking center lines using pegs and strings
- Checking right angles using measuring tools
- Fixing boundary lines and corners
Tools Used:
- Measuring tape
- Pegs and hammer
- Line and string
- Spirit level
Proper setting out ensures accuracy in construction and prevents errors.
Excavation
Excavation is the process of removing soil from the ground to prepare for foundation construction. The depth and width of excavation depend on the type of building and soil conditions.
Types of Excavation:
- Shallow excavation
- Deep excavation
Steps in Excavation:
- Marking the area for excavation
- Removing topsoil
- Digging trenches to required depth
- Leveling and compacting the base
Safety Measures:
- Providing support to sides of trenches
- Proper drainage to avoid water accumulation
- Use of protective equipment
Proper excavation ensures a stable base for the foundation.
Simple Machine Foundation
Machine foundations are specially designed to support machines and equipment. A simple machine foundation is used for light machines that produce less vibration.
Purpose:
- To support the weight of the machine
- To absorb vibrations
- To maintain proper alignment
Types of Simple Machine Foundations:
- Block type foundation
- Box type foundation
Characteristics:
- Simple design
- Made of concrete
- Provides stability to machines
Proper design of machine foundation ensures smooth operation and prevents damage to both machine and structure.
Importance in Construction
Each of these processes plays an important role in building construction:
- Footing drawings ensure proper design
- Setting out ensures accurate layout
- Excavation prepares the base
- Machine foundations support equipment
Importance in Draughtsman Civil Trade
Knowledge of these topics helps draughtsmen in preparing detailed drawings and supervising construction work. It ensures accuracy, safety, and efficiency in building projects.
Conclusion
Drawing of footing, setting out, excavation, and machine foundations are essential steps in construction. Each step must be carried out carefully to ensure a strong and stable structure.
For students of the ITI Draughtsman Civil trade, understanding these processes is crucial for successful construction planning and execution. Proper knowledge leads to safe, durable, and efficient building projects.