Building Construction: Sequence of Construction and Parts of a Building
Building construction is the process of creating structures such as houses, offices, and other infrastructure. It involves a systematic sequence of activities and proper use of materials and techniques to ensure strength, stability, and durability. In the ITI Draughtsman Civil trade, understanding building construction is essential for preparing accurate drawings and executing projects efficiently.
Sequence of Construction of a Building
The construction of a building follows a specific sequence to ensure proper execution and safety. Each step must be completed carefully before moving to the next stage.
- Site Selection and Preparation: Selection of suitable land and clearing the site.
- Setting Out: Marking the layout of the building on the ground.
- Excavation: Digging trenches for foundation.
- Foundation Construction: Building the base to support the structure.
- Plinth Construction: Constructing the portion between ground level and floor level.
- Wall Construction: Building walls using bricks, stones, or blocks.
- Lintel and Roof Construction: Providing structural support above openings and constructing the roof.
- Flooring: Laying floors for interior spaces.
- Finishing Work: Plastering, painting, and other finishing operations.
Following the correct sequence ensures proper load transfer, stability, and long life of the building.
Parts of a Building
A building consists of several components, each serving a specific function:
- Foundation: The lowest part that transfers loads to the soil.
- Plinth: Portion above ground level to prevent dampness.
- Walls: Vertical structures that enclose spaces.
- Floors: Horizontal surfaces for living or working.
- Roof: Top covering that protects from weather.
- Doors and Windows: Provide access, light, and ventilation.
- Stairs: Provide vertical movement between floors.
Each part must be designed and constructed properly to ensure safety and functionality.
Stone Masonry
Stone masonry is the construction of structures using natural stones bonded with mortar. It is one of the oldest construction techniques.
Common Terms:
- Bed – lower surface of stone
- Face – exposed surface
- Joint – space between stones
- Backing – interior portion of wall
Uses:
- Foundations
- Retaining walls
- Decorative structures
Classification:
- Rubble masonry
- Ashlar masonry
Composite Masonry
Composite masonry involves the use of two or more different materials, such as stone and brick, in the same structure. It improves strength and reduces cost.
Strength of Walls
The strength of walls depends on factors such as material quality, thickness, bonding, and workmanship. Proper alignment and uniform joints increase wall strength.
Strength of Masonry
Masonry strength depends on the quality of bricks or stones, type of mortar, and method of construction. Good bonding and proper curing improve strength.
Brick Masonry
Brick masonry is widely used in building construction due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness.
Principles of Construction:
- Use of proper bonding
- Uniform mortar joints
- Proper alignment and leveling
- Use of quality materials
Types of Bonds:
- Stretcher bond
- Header bond
- English bond
- Flemish bond
Proper bonding ensures load distribution and structural stability.
Tools and Equipment Used
Various tools are used in building construction:
- Trowel
- Spirit level
- Plumb bob
- Measuring tape
- Line and pins
These tools help in achieving accuracy and quality in construction work.
Conclusion
Building construction involves a systematic sequence of activities and proper understanding of structural components. Knowledge of masonry, bonding, and construction techniques is essential for ensuring strong and durable structures.
For students of the ITI Draughtsman Civil trade, understanding these concepts is crucial for preparing accurate drawings and contributing effectively to construction projects.